Self-assembled nanostructures
Self-assembly is a powerful bottom-up approach to tailor interfaces/surfaces on a nanometer scale. GISANS offers the possibility to characterize nanostructures on surfaces and interfaces and was applied to identify the …
Functional layers used in integrated microelectronic circuits
Interface effects in integrated circuits (ICs) are becoming increasingly important while downsizing of microelectronics. The fabrication of these devices frequently involves multilayer structures stacking different materials (metals, dielectrics) on a …
Experimental results
In this chapter we summarise experimental results obtained with neutron reflectometry with a focus on magnetic and polymer systems for which neutron scattering methods have the particular advantage of direct …
Neutron reflectivity for the investigation of coatings and functional layers
Reflection and refraction of neutrons at interfaces We discuss specular neutron reflectivity in nonpolarized and later in polarized mode including polarization analysis. In the second part, of chapter one, so-called …
Powder diffraction measurements
The kind of information that can be extracted from an X-ray measurement depends on the diffraction geometry. Traditionally only out-of-plane measurements were possible (refer Fig. 3—26), but recent advances in …
Powder diffractometer geometry
As said earlier, a materials scientist is often dealing with characterization of polycrystalline materials, which facilitates the application of powder method. Furthermore the transmitted patterns are generally too weak, especially …
X-ray diffraction methods
Broadly speaking, the XRD measurements can be made either on transmitted or back- scattered radiation, or both. The diffraction procedure to be followed in a given case depends on specimen, …
Specimen preparation
There is a whole spectrum of combinations of specimens and analyses types that can be done through XRD. Specimens may be in the form of single crystals, polycrystalline materials, powder …
Interaction of X-rays with crystalline materials
As a meticulous experimentor with a sound theoretical base, Roentgen performed a number of experiments to ascertain the properties of X-rays immediately following his initial observations of these penetrating but …
Milestones Crystalline materials
Like any other branch of science, X-ray techniques too have benefitted from developments in other streams of science and technology, ranging from materials to computing. At the forefront of technological …
Production and characteristics of X-rays
The laboratory sources of X-rays include radioactive materials, X-ray tubes, and synchrotron radiation. X-rays are generally in the form of continuous spectrum radiation and characteristic radiation. Following subsections briefly describe …
X-ray diffraction
Introduction The wavelength of radiation emitted by an object depends on its temperature. Hotter objects emit radiation of shorter wavelengths and so, very hot sources, such as Sun's corona emit …
Films of two-dimensional materials
2D materials are attractive because they possess unique and exceptional properties [140]. They have been used widely for smart or flexible electronic [141,142], optoelectronics [143,144] and energy devices [145]. For …
Films of biological molecules
Since SE has an excellent thickness resolution (0.01 nm or better) and could be employed in solution ambient, it is suitable for studying biological films while the resolution of SE …
Protective coatings
Protective coatings are widely used in many fields to avoid the materials being damaged by the environment. Usually the protective coatings are thin or ultrathin, and SE with high sensitivity …
Spectroscopic ellipsometry application examples in coatings
In this part, the applications of SE to characterize various coatings, such as photovoltaic films, display coatings, protective coatings, films of biological molecules as well as films of two-dimensional (2D) …
Extracting information of coatings
SE offers sensitive, nondestructive, fast and precise measurements for films, so it has been widely used in characterization of coatings by extracting diverse valuable information, such as the thickness, roughness, …
Basic principles of ellipsometry
Basic principles of ellipsometry The Fresnel reflection and transmission equations for polarized light are the foundation for the analysis of ellipsometric data. As shown in Fig. 2—1, the incident light …
Spectroscopic ellipsometry
Introduction Ellipsometry is a century-old optical measurement technique based on analyzing the change in the polarization state when a beam of polarized light was reflected from the surface or interfaces …
Other localized techniques
In this last section other localized techniques are briefly presented and put in perspective with SVET. Scanning reference electrode technique The SRET is the predecessor of SVET. A reference electrode …
Critical account on the application of the scanning vibrating electrode technique to study coatings
The examples presented in the last section show the application of SVET to a great number of coated systems. This was possible, despite the limitations discussed in Section 1.4.6. A …
Review of published work using the scanning vibrating electrode technique to characterize coatings performance
After an overview of the responses that can be found by SVET with the various types of coatings, a short review of the literature is now presented. The first published …
Application of the scanning vibrating electrode technique to characterize modern coatings
SVET measures ionic currents in an electrolyte solution; therefore, it is especially suited for analyzing active coatings or pores and defects in inert coatings applied to active substrates. Different cases …
The scanning vibrating electrode technique
The principle УФ5 і1 j + к The SVET provides the localization of the anodic, cathodic, and inactive areas on electroactive surfaces. Fig. 1 —1B shows current lines and the …
Application of the scanning vibrating electrode technique to the characterization of modern coatings
A.C. Bastos, M.G.S. Ferreira DEMAC—DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS AND CERAMIC ENGINEERING, CICECO—AVEIRO INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS, UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO, AVEIRO, PORTUGAL Introduction The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) uses a vibrating microelectrode …
Handbook of Modern Coating Technologies
Dr. Mahmood Aliofkhazraei is an expert in corrosion, coatings, and surface engineering (University of South Florida). His research interests include nanotechnology and its use in surface and corrosion science. His …
