Environmental issues
10.4.1 Introduction The last 30 or more years have seen a significant awakening of interest in the environment and a much greater understanding of how human activities in one geographical …
Recent and ongoing research
10.3.1 Fundamental difficulties Despite the labour figures indicating that around 400000 people in the USA are directly engaged in welding, it is difficult to research health effects and make positive …
Occupational health and safety
F. J. BLUNT, University of Cambridge, UK 10.1 Introduction The welding industry is a major player in manufacturing. It encompasses the traditional arc and gas processes as well as advanced …
Summary of process advantages and disadvantages
Having reviewed the principles, key features and applications of ultrasonic metal welding, both the advantages and disadvantages of the process may be evident at this stage. Nevertheless, a summary of …
Applications of ultrasonic welding
The applications of ultrasonic metal welding are widespread, but have greatest use in all aspects of electrical and electronic connections as found in several industries including electrical, automotive, medical, aerospace …
Ultrasonic welding equipment
In reviewing the principles of ultrasonic metal welding, the basic features of two of the most widely used systems, the lateral drive and the wedge-reed, have been described and shown …
Ultrasonic metal welding
K. GRAFF, Edison Welding Institute, USA 9.1 Introduction The application of ultrasonic energy to materials joining processes has been in use for a number of years. While it was used …
Weld characterization
The explosion welded interface typically exhibits a wavy morphology. When explosion welding paramenters are correctly selected, there is minimal evidence of melting along the back and crest of the wave. …
EXW applications
3.4.3 Explosion clad industry The dominant application of EXW today is in the manufacture of large, flat clad plates. Table 8.1 presents a list of typical metal types which are …
Developments in explosion welding technology
J. BANKER, Dynamic Materials Corporation, USA 3.1 Introduction Explosion welding technology (EXW) utilizes the energy of a detonating explosive to create conditions which result in welding between metal components. The …
Quality assurance
7.6.1 Beam measurement For a full exploitation of the advantages of the electron beam a welding, tool knowledge of beam properties is necessary. The processes that occur in electron beam …
Non-vacuum electron beam welding
In the early stages of electron beam technology development, research was carried out in Germany on methods to guide the beam from the vacuum environment of the beam generator to …
Micro-electron beam welding
Owing to the very high functional integration density of the components and also to the great variety of materials, micro-systems and, in particular, hybrid micro-systems are making high demands on …
Electron beam welding machines
Apart from the further development of beam generators, adaptation of the equipment to varying demands is of considerable importance to the industrial applications of electron beam welding. For example, the …
Basics of the process
7.2.1 Electron beam generation and guiding Generation of the electron beam Triode systems for beam generation are generally applied in modern electron welding machines as shown in Fig. 7.2. These …
Electron beam welding
U. D I L T H E Y, RWTH-Aachen University, Germany 7.1 Introduction The history of electron beam technology goes back to the year 1869 when Hittdorf discovered electron beams. …
Future trends
LD-pumped solid-state lasers, such as disk and fiber lasers, are being investigated regarding higher power, higher beam quality, higher efficiency and fiber delivery. They are also expected to act as …
Applications of laser welding
6.5.1 Automobile industry Car manufacturing companies use large numbers of 2.5 to 6kW class lasers to weld various parts, tailored blanks and bodies-in-white.612101 Two laser machines can be separately or …
Laser-arc hybrid welding
Hybrid welding with CO2, YAG or LD lasers and TIG, MIG, MAG (metal active gas) or another heat source has been receiving considerable attention regarding such factors as depth of …
Advances in laser welding processes
6.4.1 Remote laser welding Remote or scanner laser welding is a highly efficient bonding process and CO2 lasers up to 6kW power are available with focal lengths up to 1.5 …
Laser welding of dissimilar materials
Welding or bonding of dissimilar metallic materials is receiving much attention because of the great demand for high quality and high performance industrial products. However, fusion welding of dissimilar alloys …
New areas of research in laser welding
6.3.1 Laser welding of steels, Zn-coated steels and stainless steels Low carbon steel sheets of approximately 3 mm or less in thickness are subjected to tailored blank welding with CW …
New developments in laser welding
6.1 Introduction A laser is an outstanding invention of the twentieth century; a variety of lasers have been developed and applied in many industrial fields since Maiman announced laser oscillation …
In-process monitoring techniques for laser welding
The use of optical energy for welding, in the form of a laser beam, offers a number of opportunities for sensing single defects in the process. Thus information is obtained …
Control of Nd:YAG laser welding
Both CO2 and Nd:YAG laser welding is carried out on those products where a high confidence level in the weld quality is necessary. Some of examples already mentioned are the …
Nd:YAG laser welding of different metals
Interest in welding applications for high-power Nd:YAG lasers is growing as the availability of average power, pulsed and CW models of these lasers increases. These lasers offer processing rates and …
Nd:YAG laser welding tips: process development
5.6.1 Check solid solubility of the major constituents This is not a final factor in determining feasibility but a quick check is worthwhile. Almost all materials are alloys, i. e. …
Laser welding with Nd:YAG lasers
Laser welding represents a new process being applied to an old industrial technique. It is a fusion welding process requiring no filler material, where parts are joined by melting the …
The laser as a machining tool
As a machining tool the laser alone is very ineffectual. It must be used in conjunction with several different items of optical and mechanical equipment, which need to be integrated …
The Nd-YAG laser
The Nd:YAG laser is a solid-state laser, usually in the shape of a rod, operating at 1.06 mm.4 The active species are neodymium ions present in small concentrations in the …
Nd:YAG laser welding
M. NAEEM, GSI Group, UK and M. BRANDT, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia 5.1 Introduction Nd:YAG lasers have been commercially available for over 30 years. The Nd:YAG (neodynium doped yttrium …
Sources of further information and advice
4.6.7 Professional bodies There exists a number of professional bodies in various countries around the world whose members can provide information and advice, as summarized in Table 4.1. The predominant …
Safety in laser beam welding
Experts in laser safety divide the potential hazards into two categories, beam hazards and non-beam hazards. The non-beam hazards include factors such as the glare of the welding process, which …
Current laser beam welding applications
The most recent attempt to survey comprehensively laser applications was performed by the Electric Power Research Institute a number of years ago and is severely out of date (Brushwood, 1984). …
Advantages of laser beam welding
Metzbower, in 1981, presented a review on laser technology for thick-section welding, as the technology had been developed up to that time. His paper showed data on welding of the …
