Film formation of nanosized hard latex in soft polymer matrix: an excimer study
Our study aims to investigate how the latex film formation is and can be performed using the mixture of two types of latex, first of the noncompatible nanosized hard P-labeled …
Film formation using pure and mixed latexes using energy transfer method
In a two-stage process, the PMMA particles are used to prepare the mixtures for P- and N- labeled and/or pure N-labeled latex films on an individual basis [154]. On the …
Void closure during latex film formation
In consideration of SSF and SEM results together with Monte Carlo simulations, it is evident that the film is optically clearer throughout the process using high-T latexes in relation to …
Monte Carlo simulation for photon diffusion
The arguments can be transformed to a model to evaluate the behavior of Iop and Isc, based on the Monte Carlo simulations [46(b)]. Fig. 6—5A and B illustrates the relationships …
Healing and interdiffusion
The entangled Gaussian chain incarcerated in a tube is treated with back-and-forth Brownian motion, in accordance with the reptation model [144]. Immediately after getting out of the tube, its free …
Photon diffusion model for film formation
Photon diffusion theory bases the trip of a photon excited to or emitted from a dye molecule in a film formed by annealing latexes [141]. The overlapping probability (P) of …
Polymer nanocomposites
The film formation of polymer latexes has been adequately enlightened by many studies on theories and with trials [1—54]. An extent of knowledge is necessary to achieve higher perfor¬mance and …
Film formation of polymer latexes
Polymer particles are microscopic solids mostly at 0.1 — 1 pm and observed as suspended in water, which have been the subject of many theoretical and experimental studies. There are …
Application of nano- and microprobes for the analysis of nanomaterials and nanocomposites, including nitrides of high-entropy alloys
Many studies have shown the successful use of modern micro- and nanoprobes for analyzing diffusion segregation processes. Table 5.4 contains the most promising results of studies of nanomaterials and nanocomposites …
Characteristics of the microwave microscope
5.6.2.1 Spatial resolution Two linear scales set the spatial resolution of the microscope (which must be significantly smaller than the wavelength for a given frequency) and may be modulated in …
Operating principles of the microwave microscope
Scanning microwave microscopes are used to explore materials at microwave frequencies and to measure changes in their resistivity [182—187]. Fig. 5—22A presents a schematic diagram of a microwave microscope with …
Near-field microwave diagnostics of materials and media
Near-field microwave diagnostics is a direct nondestructive method providing information on the surface and nearsurface properties of various media. It is based on recording the microwave fraction of an impact …
Scanning positron microscope
The reduction of the generated pulsed positron beam from few millimeters to few microns in diameter makes it applicable for the scanning positron microscope (SPM). It takes advan¬tage of a …
Experimental results obtained with the use of pulsed beams
Fig. 5—16 presents typical average positron lifetimes depending on implantation energy E and penetration depth z1(E). The different shapes of the curves in Fig. 5—16A are due to back diffu-sion …
Principles of positron beam generation
Within a few years, the HF low-energy positron beam has become a powerful tool for spectroscopic analysis of defects based on the measurement of positron lifetime in the near-surface layer …
Positron microscopy and microprobing
The experimental methods considered in the preceding sections have recently been supple-mented by new positron spectroscopic technologies, even though some of them are still in the development phase or have …
Computation of defect depth profiles
After thermalization of positrons during diffusion, they can be captured by defects. The diffu-sion of positrons is usually described by Fick's second law. It is only necessary to solve the …
Measuring techniques
By analogy with the usual technique with foil sources, for slow positrons, the method of measuring Doppler broadening can be applied. Outside the sample chamber, a Ge detector is installed …
Measurement of Doppler broadening of the annihilation peak
Experimental setup The aforementioned energy broadening of the annihilation line was estimated using an energy-dispersive system of high-resolution detectors (Fig. 5—13C). High resolution (~20%) was provided by pure Ge crystals …
The use of slow positrons for diagnostics of materials
A positron microscope with a microprobe built around it is actually known to a relatively narrow circle of specialists engaged in relevant research with the application of these facilities [133]. …
Microphotonics and microoptics
The scope of applications of micro- and nanostructures produced using PBW includes microoptics and microphotonics. Processing light signals is possible with the use of chip- integrated optical elements, such as …
Nanoimprinting
FIGURE 5-10 Image of a separately standing line of a protrusion with a high-aspect ratio and a characteristic width of 22 nm—obtained by exposure to focused 2-MeV proton beam [127]. …
Modification of materials for the creation of small-sized 3D structures
The first PBW studies were published in the late 1990s [117—119]. They demonstrated the possibility of utilizing focused 2-MeV proton beams to create micro-components and revealed a number of physical …
Registration of ion beam-induced luminescence
(A) MeV ions Preamplifier/amplifier/CCD FIGURE 5-8 Main variants of composing measuring circuits in the IBIC method: (A) semiconductor device and (B) semiconductor wafer [95]. IBIC, Ion beam-induced charge. Registration of …
Rutherford backscattering and elastic recoil detection
Methods based on the registration of RBS energy spectra and recoil nuclei [elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA)] formed in sliding interactions of beam ions with the surface are especially popular …
Local microanalysis with the use of a scanning nuclear microprobe
Methods for local 3D microanalysis of thick samples by application of focused charged particle beams are considered in terms of the requirements for the "ideal” spatial location of atoms and …
Focusing elements
The physical principles underlying most FEs include creation of an axisymmetric external electromagnetic field. This means that a particle traveling along the axis is unaffected by the field, and therefore …
Multiplets of quadrupole lenses
Quadrupole lenses represent one more type of ion-optical elements for beam formation in SNMPs that are attracting the attention of physicists. Such lenses ensure strong focusing because the focusing field …
Probe-forming systems of the scanning nuclear microprobe
PFSs of charged particle beams are concentrating ion-optical systems unintended for obtaining correct images of the object of interest. The main requirement for the PFS is an adequately sized probe …
High-voltage ion gun of the scanning nuclear microprobe
Today, charged particle beams are accelerated by various methods designed to build up an accelerating voltage. The main problem is to ensure that a charged particle accelerator produces a high-brightness …
Physical basis of the scanning nuclear microprobe
A SNM represents a combination of several devices and systems based on different physical principles. Their traditional layout is illustrated in Fig. 5—4. As a rule, a plasma ion source …
Scanning nuclear microprobe
The scanning nuclear microprobe (SNMP) is a relatively new MIF designed for studying the structure and elemental composition of samples and direct proton beam writing (PBW) [7,8]. Used in this …
Application of micro- and nanoprobes to the analysis of small-sized 2D and 3D materials, nanocomposites, and nanoobjects
Introduction Leading experts predict a breakthrough in the use of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in aviation, space research, the chemical, engineering, and motor industries, medicine, biology, and environmental science by the …
Polymer brushes
A polymer brush is a unique type of surface functionalization, consisting of long polymer chains covalently attached with its one terminus to a substrate, while the rest of the chain …
Organic photovoltaics
Currently a lot of research in photovoltaics has focused on organic—based photovoltaics (OPVs) due to their low-cost and low impact on environment when compared with conventional silicon based devices [64]. …
