Selecting the Correct Lighting
In summary, no single recipe for correct lighting can be given. There will be varied settings, needs, and objectives to accommodate. Plants will seldom be the only consideration in the …
Natural Light
Most important of all light sources for interior plantscapes is natural sunlight when it can be planned for and depended on. Each footcandle of illumination that nature provides is one …
Light Quality
Once acclimatized to the reduced light intensity of the interior, the plantscape may still prove unsatisfactory if the light quality is incorrect. Light quality is the color of light emitted …
Light Intensity
Human activities do not require as much light as plants require for growth. No matter how many windows and skylights are designed into a home or office building, the light …
LIGHT AND INTERIOR PLANTINGS
Common sense tells us that plants need light to survive and grow. Architects who have envisioned living greenery throughout their building interiors have been disappointed when all the leaves dropped …
UNIQUENESS OF INTERIOR PLANTSCAPES
Imagine how difficult it would be for humans, after countless centuries of living in sheltered dwellings, suddenly to be required to live permanently outdoors. Unlikely as the example may seem, …
THE INTERIOR USES OF PLANTS
OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to • discuss the current status of the interior foliage plant industry. list problems unique to the interior use of …
Wreaths
For centuries, the Christmas holiday season has been celebrated with festive wreaths. In recent years, wreaths have been used to commemorate many additional occasions and seasons. Although the evergreen Christmas …
A vase arrangement, two-sided
• Pattern: oval • Line: vertical • Container: tall, clear glass vase • Stem support: glass marbles, a plastic grid, or a grid of interlocking foliage stems • Flower shapes: …
An S-curve arrangement, one-sided
• Pattern: oval • Line: S-line, sometimes called the Hogarth Curve after the English artist, William Hogarth • Container: a tall pedestal container or tall vase • Stem support: water-holding …
Asymmetrical triangle arrangement, one-sided
• Pattern: triangular • Line: right angle • Container: a low, wide bowl • Stem support: water-holding foam block or block styrofoam • Flower shapes: all one type or combination …
Symmetrical triangle arrangement, two-sided
• Pattern: triangular • Line: inverted T • Container: a low, wide bowl • Stem support: water-holding foam block or block styrofoam • Flower shapes: all one type of flower …
Symmetrical triangle arrangement, one-sided
• Pattern: triangular • Line: inverted T • Container: pedestal • Stem support: water-holding foam block (for fresh flowers) or block styrofoam (for permanent flowers) • Flower-shapes: all one type …
Table Arrangements
Table arrangements can range from a simple bud vase on a bedroom nightstand to large buffet designs. As discussed here, they will be regarded as the moderately sized and moderately …
ASSEMBLING THE ARRANGEMENTS
The skill of arranging floral materials rapidly and skillfully into a corsage, table arrangement, wreath, or larger piece requires time to develop. Just as knowing how to read a recipe …
MAKING BOWS AND PUFFS
Two of the mainstays of floral designs are bows and puffs. Puffs are small clusters of netted fabric (sometimes called tulle) that are used as background and lightweight filler for …
WIRING FLOWERS FOR DESIGN
It is common practice among florists to wire certain flowers prior to their use in designs. Fresh, dried, and permanent (artificial) flowers and foliage may all be wired. The wire …
Contrasting color schemes
• Complementary color schemes use colors that are opposites or near opposites on the color wheel. The colors do not share a common primary color relationship. Examples include red and …
Color Schemes
Certain groupings of colors (color schemes) have gained sufficient understanding and acceptance to justify describing them. All are based on the color wheel (Figure 7-12). A color scheme may be …
USING COLOR TO ADVANTAGE
The topic of color, its many contributions, and how best to take advantage of its values is integral to the study of floral design. It is also a topic that …
PATTERNS OF ARRANGEMENTS
Three standard geometric shapes lend themselves naturally to flower arrangements: the circle, the triangle, and the rectangle. All lend themselves to the creation of symmetrical, formal arrangements. All are easily …
Rhythm and Line
A design should impart a sense of frozen motion. It should also lead the viewer’s eye in a deliberate direction. The viewer’s eye should begin at the edge of the …
Balance
In floral design, balance is more visual than actual. The viewer needs to sense the same amount of importance on each side of center. Center may or may not be …
Scale and Proportion
There are three size relationships to be considered in a floral arrangement. 1. The relationship among flowers and other materials used as components of the arrangement. To illustrate, the arrangements …
PRINCIPLES OF FLORAL DESIGN
Because floral design, like all design, is personal, it is difficult to evaluate. If a furniture designer creates a chair with one leg shorter than the other three, most people …
FORMS OF ARRANGEMENT MATERIALS
Most of the materials that are visible in an arrangement are flowers and foliage. As dried arrangements and novelty design increase in popularity, additional material may be considered for use. …
CARE OF CUT FLOWERS
Cut flowers come to the florist shops of America from all over the nation and the world. Although some retail florists may order flowers direct from the grower, most purchase …
CONTAINERS FOR FLORAL ARRANGEMENTS
Among the changes that have elevated public appreciation of floral arrangements has been the imaginative use of containers. From antique vases to beer mugs, anything that can hold stem support …
Adhesive Materials
1. Floral tape: This tape is similar to a waxed crepe paper. It has a stretching quality and is used to wrap flower stems when wire is needed for their …
MATERIALS NEEDED TO ARRANGE FLOWERS
Professional florists select their tools from a wide assortment of products available. Following are the major types of tools needed for professional floristry (Figures 7-1 to 7-4). Cutting Tools 1. …
FLORAL DESIGN-ART OR CRAFT?
The terms art and science are widely misused. Tractor repair is ennobled as an industrial art, and lawnmowing is glorified as turfgrass science. Equally tedious is the insistence by some …
HORTICULTURE
FLORAL DESIGN Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to • list and describe the materials needed by a floral designer. • care for cut flowers properly …
Making the Case for IPM
At the present time, there is a gap between the reality of integrated pest management and the acceptance of its application as a means of controlling pests. No one explanation …
Implementing an IPM Program
The objective of an integrated pest management program is to manage pests and the environment in a manner that balances the benefits of selected control measures against their costs, the …
Bacteriophages
One of the most recent and fastest growing areas of IPM control is the use of bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. Commonly referred to simply as phages, they …
