Viewing Distances
Viewing distances are often determined by physical restrictions, such as ceiling height or the height of the consoles in the control room. Ideally the display size should be selected according …
Brightness and Contrast
Image brightness and obtainable contrast ratios are the fundamentals for image quality. As can be seen from the way in which the eye works, the image brightness and contrast ratio …
Viewing Angles
The next set of fundamentals includes the viewing angles (Figure 4.9). The DIN[7] standard states that viewing angles (that is, viewing positions) should be within ±45° and within ±30° vertically. …
Viewing
To view displays, we look at an object and then perceive some kind of information. Using displays is a visual method of communication: the transfer of information to be perceived …
Contrast
Contrast enables the human brain to process perceived images. Without contrast, images cannot be perceived by the human brain. For example, it would be impossible to perceive anything in a …
BASICS OF VIEWING AND SEEING
Before exploring the different technologies, it is helpful to describe some basics of viewing and seeing (see also Chapter 10 of this handbook). 4.4.1 The Human Eye The human eye …
Visualised іімюітматюім
As most of these control rooms are used for continuous operation, ergonomic aspects are also very important. This includes the design and usability of the lighting and furniture (consoles, chairs, …
Denning Requirements
For the use of a large screen system in a control room, different factors have to be considered. These factors include the physical location of the large screen in the …
WHY USE LARGE SCREENS IN CONTROL ROOMS?
The main reasons for using a large screen system inside a control room include ergonomic aspects to provide a better work environment for the control room operators by the use …
APPLICATIONS FOR LARGE SCREEN SYSTEMS IN CONTROL ROOMS
Companies in various industry sectors are using large screen systems in their control rooms, where the display of process data in real time is of critical importance. Thus this technology …
Design of Large and Complex Display Systems
Eric H§nique, Soeren Lindegaard, and Brian Hunt CONTENTS 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 84 4.2 Applications for Large Screen Systems in Control Rooms.............................. 86 4.3 Why Use Large Screens in Control Rooms?....................................................... 87 …
Message generator ^ Transformation of message codes to acoustic. imitation voice ^ Human listener
Many factors contribute to the operational intelligibility of speech. Simpson et al. (1985) proposed a model for operation intelligibility (Figure 3.16). It is important to note that intelligibility and the …
Human speech ^ Recognition algorithms ^ Response device
Today, many different types of algorithms can be used to interpret human speech. An important feature of many of these algorithms is that they can learn to recognise the sounds …
SPEECH RECOGNITION AND SPEECH GENERATION
Language is probably the most distinguishable ability that mankind possesses. Human/machine systems have long included written language (for example, in alphanumeric displays and keyboards), but spoken language has mainly been …
VDU Screen and Background Requirements
The technical requirements for a colour screen are considerably greater than for an ordinary monochrome VDU screen. One must, for example, set considerably greater demands on sharpness of edges and …
Colour Screen Character and Symbol Design
It is fairly clear that the requirements will be far more stringent for the design of characters and symbols on a colour screen than for those on a monochrome display …
Choice of Colours
A number of general ergonomic rules pertaining to absolute discrimination indicate that for recognising and naming a colour, a maximum of about seven colours is desirable. When it comes to …
USING COLOUR
First, it is necessary to define what is meant by colour, as various colour classification methods exist. Probably the best-known colour classification system is the CIE TABLE 3.3 Number of …
Comprehensibility of Codes
In this section, we look at the ease of understanding visual codes. It is, however, important to remember that sound codes can be just as useful in many instances as …
Grammar
The grammar to be used in this connection must be very simple. It should consist only of: • Nouns • Adjectives • Verbs Nouns should be used to specify different …
Semantics
Semantics specify what the different characters mean. In this case, the semantics are summarised in Figure 3.12. The notion of codes is used here as an overall concept 1. Nonfigurative …
Codes and Symbols
Different sorts of traditional symbols are used by humans to convey a particular meaning; for example, the cross represents Christianity for a large proportion of humanity. The alphabet can be …
Diagrams and Tables
The following recommendations apply to diagrams and tables: 1. Diagrams are always better than tables if the shape, variation, or connection between materials is of interest or if interpolation is …
INSTRUCTIONS, FORMS, TABLES, AND CODES
Instructions, notices, and forms give printed information to the operator, often in connection with a product. It is of the utmost importance that this information is presented clearly and concisely …
Advantages and Disadvantages of VDUs
In older types of control rooms, every variable was represented by its own instrument, regulator, or control device. These were placed together on a panel. Over the years, various ergonomic …
Design of Tables
• Whether data should be presented in columns or rows depends on what is more natural for the task in question. • Letters are better for identification than numbers. • …
Design of Cathode Ray Tubes
The following section presents some brief recommendations on the requirements, which should be placed on CRTs, currently the most common form of information presentation aid in the computer control system. …
VDU Design
A visual display unit is the collective term for information devices designed for several different purposes (for example, for reading off temperature, shaft speed, instruction, information on handbook data). There …
VISUAL DISPLAY UNITS (VDUS)
In the past the information devices traditionally used in control rooms normally had only a single area of application. The instrument was normally electrically connected directly to some form of …
Sound Signals
Certain types of information are better transmitted as sound signals rather than visuals. This is the case in the following situations: 1. When the signal is originally acoustic. 2. Warning …
Design of Scales and Markings
The terms to be used in this section are defined as follows: Scales range—The numerical difference between the lowest and the highest value on the scale. Numbering interval—The numerical difference …
DiffERENT Types of Visual Instruments
The choice from amongst the many different types of visual instruments available depends on the information to be presented and how it will be used. Figure 3.1 shows some of …
TRADITIONAL INFORMATION DEVICES
Traditional instruments are still the most common form of information device in the control room. In modern control rooms, however, more and more information is being transferred to VDUs. Traditional …
Design of Conventional Information Devices
Toni Ivergard and Brian Hunt CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 45 3.2 Traditional Information Devices.......................................................................... 47 3.2.1 Different Types of Visual Instruments.................................................. 48 3.2.2 Design of Scales and Markings.............................................................. 49 3.2.3 Sound …
2.4.3 Usage of Handbook Data
With reference to the above background, the operator will be allocated certain tasks and these will form the basis for determining the quantity and quality of personnel staffing levels. Factors …
