Thermogravimetric properties
The thermal stability of the pure Phe and Phe nanocomposite membranes with different filler content was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The TGA thermograms corresponding to the thermal decomposition of pure …
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
TEM complements XRD by observing a very small section of the material for the possibility of intercalation or exfoliation. It also provides information about the particle size and nanodispersion of …
Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)
Field emission scanning electron microscope has evolved in which the electron beam cross section has become smaller and smaller increasing magnification several fold. Raw red mud and modified red mud …
X — ray diffraction study
The wide angle diffraction pattern of PRC2 and PRC3 films are shown in Fig. 5. The crystallinity of the composite membranes is mainly due to Phe. The characteristic diffraction peak …
Preparation of Phe-phosphomolybdic acid modified red mud nanocomposite materials (PRC) and Phe-organically modified red mud nanocomposite materials (PNC)
10% (w/v) solution of Phe was prepared by dissolving dried Phe in THF with continuous stirring at 50 oC. Polymer nanocomposite (PN) films were made by mixing different loading percentage …
Differential scanning calorimetry
DSC traces of PVA and polymer nanocomposite materials are shown in Fig. 22. PVA exhibited an endotherm at 52.oC corresponding to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVA [90]. All …
Thermogravimetric properties
The thermal stability of the raw red mud, ORM, pure PVA and PVA nanocomposite membranes with different filler content was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The TGA thermograms of the raw …
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
The surface morphology of the pure PVA membrane and the PVA-modified nanocomposite membranes were analyzed by Tapping Mode - Atomic Force Microscopy (TM-AFM). Quantitatively, the differences in the morphology can …
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
TEM complements XRD by observing a very small section of the material for the possibility of intercalation or exfoliation. It also provides information about the particle size and nanodispersion of …
SEM
On higher magnification (10,000 X) viewing of morphology of pristine PVA SP4 and SP5 type of nanocomposite films in Figure 11 (a) , (b) and (c) respectively, it was found …
X — ray diffraction study
Wide angle X-ray diffraction studies were performed on raw red mud and the modified red mud as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 9. Xrd pattern of (a) Raw red mud …
FTIR spectroscopy
The nature of the chemical bonds in raw red mud and the modified red mud were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of raw red mud and acid modified …
Experimental
1.3 Preparation of PVA-acid red mud nanocomposite materials and organically modified red mud nanocomposite materials 10% (w/v) aqueous solution of PVA was prepared by dissolving 10g of dried powdered PVA …
Modification of red mud
1.1 Preparation of boric/phosphomolybdic acid modified-red mud A known amount of raw red mud was first washed with distilled water two to three times and then dried in an oven. …
Thermoplastic Polymer based Modified Red Mud Composites Materials
A. H. Bhat1, H. P.S. Abdul Khalil and A. K. Banthia2 1School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang-11800, 2Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721302, 1Malaysia 2India 1. …
Test verification and leakage rate prediction method
Tests were performed on a fully automatic testing machine for gasket performances, and the specific details on the test machine and test procedure can be found in the reference (Gu …
. Sealing behaviour of non-asbestos sealing composites
1.7.3 Leakage model of non-asbestos gasket sealing NASC can be assumed to be a kind of porous media. The flow of gas through porous media includes molecular transfer and convection …
Performance evaluation of NASC
1.7 Mechanical performances of non-asbestos sealing composites The properties of NASC specified in current standards include mainly density, transverse tensile strength, plasticity, oil resistance, and so on. The performances of …
Prediction of creep behavior
The creep behavior equation of NASC can be expressed by Eq. (48). Because the strain in both fiber and interface is much smaller than that in matrix, only the strain …
Prediction of the transverse tensile strength
The transverse tensile strength is a main evaluating indicator for NASC in engineering, and its prediction may be performed according to 3 cases, as follows. 1. Debonding of interface from …
Prediction of the longitudinal tensile strength
The temperature-related longitudinal tensile strength a//L of NASC can be calculated by Eq. (33). °TL fd1 fi ffVf °J + fdVm cm where fi = (1- Vt), °T is the …
Prediction of the tensile module
Due to the effect of fibers, the maximum permissible deformation of NASC is only about 10% of that of rubber and the bearing capacity of NASC is greatly improved. The …
Prediction of mechanical performances of NASC
1.6.1 Prediction of the stress-strain relationship Since the module of interface is much smaller than that of fibers and the interface thickness is much smaller than the matrix, the load …
A micromechanical model and prediction of macro performances
Loads exerting on NASC will be transferred to fibers through matrix, and the mechanism relates to constitutive equations and mechanical behaviors of fibers, matrix and interface phase. According to the …
Fiber distribution in matrix
Theoretical work on NASC is usually based on the assumption that fibers are stiff and straight in matrix. The real fibers, however, bend and wind together. With the reduce of …
Measurement and characterization of fiber orientation
Investigating the orientation of fibers in matrix will provide both theoretical explanations for the reinforcing mechanism of short fibers and the basis for prediction and optimization of mechanical properties of …
Measurement and characterization of micro structures of NASC
1.3 Measurement and characterization of aspect ratio The aspect ratio of short fiber determines the transfer and distribution of stress in material, and its distribution regularity can be obtained by …
Formulation design of carbon/glass hybrid fiber reinforced NASC
The regression design of carbon/glass hybrid fiber reinforced NASC can be defined as the design problem with three components which include reinforcing hybrid fiber (carbon/ glass hybrid fiber), elastic binding …
Formulation design of NASC
The uniform design method can be used to further decrease test number in formulation optimization. The approximate formulation of composites can be obtained by uniform design, but the principal and …
Formulation design of NASC
1.2 Selection of raw materials for NASC The main constituents of NASC are non-asbestos reinforcing fibers, elastic binding materials, filling materials and chemical additives. There are great differences of the …
Surface treatment of non-asbestos reinforcing short fibers
The surface activity of most non-asbestos fibers is very poor, which leads to the lower wettability between fibers and rubbers. Therefore, in order to obtain a good interface bonding strength, …
Calender process
A calender process flow diagram is illustrated in Fig. 3. In this process, rubber is dissolved by an organic solvent and then mixed with other constituents. The NASC sheet is …
Manufacturing technology of NASC
1.1 Molding process The molding process of NASC is similar to that of the traditional rubber based composites, as shown in Fig. 1. The plastication should be carried out using …
Design, Manufacture and Performance Evaluation of Non-Asbestos Sealing Composites
Boqin Gu, Ye Chen and Jianfeng Zhou Nanjing University of Technology, China 1. Introduction Asbestos was once considered to be a "miracle mineral". This naturally occurring silicate has many desirable …
Finite element eco-approach
When the analytical or mathematical solution does not exist, numerical methods such as finite element method (Jones, 1999 and Zienkiewicz et al, 2005) may be used to yield an approached …
