Solar thermal collectors and applications

. Space heating and service hot water

It is useful to consider solar systems as having five basic modes of operation, depending on the conditions that exist in the system at a particular time [97]:

1. If solar energy is available and heat is not needed in the building, energy gain from the collector is added to storage.

2. If solar energy is available and heat is needed in the building, energy gain from the collector is used to supply the building need.

3. If solar energy is not available, heat is needed in the building, and the storage unit has stored energy in it, the stored energy is used to supply the building need.

4. If solar energy is not available, heat is needed in the building, and the storage unit has been depleted, auxiliary energy is used to supply the building need.

5. The storage unit is fully heated, there are no loads to met, and the collector is absorbing heat.

When the last mode occurs, there is no way to use or store the collected energy, and this energy must be discarded. This can be achieved through the operation of pressure relief valves or if the stagnant temperature will not be detrimental to the collector materials, the flow of fluids is turned off, thus the collector temperature will rise until the absorbed energy is dissipated by thermal losses. This is more suitable to solar air collectors.

Additional operational modes can also be employed such as to provide service hot water. It is also possible to combine modes, i. e. to operate in more than one mode at a time. Moreover, many systems do not allow direct heating from solar collector to building, but always transfer heat from collector to storage whenever this is available and from storage to load whenever needed. In Europe solar heating systems for combined space and water heating are known as combisystems. The following sections describe the design of residential-scale installations.

Solar thermal collectors and applications

Collector thermal efficiency

In reality the heat loss coefficient UL in Eqs (2) and (42) is not constant but is a function of collector inlet and ambient temperatures. Therefore: TOC o "1-5" h …

Global climate change

The term greenhouse effect has generally been used for the role of the whole atmosphere (mainly water vapour and clouds) in keeping the surface of the earth warm. Recently however, …

Limitations of simulations

Simulations are powerful tools for process design offering a number of advantages as outlined in the previous sections. However, there are limits to their use. For example, it is easy …

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