Solar thermal collectors and applications

Ozone layer depletion

The ozone present in the stratosphere, at altitudes between 12 and 25 km, plays a natural equilibrium- maintaining role for the earth, through absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (240-320 nm) and absorption of infrared radiation [3]. A global environmental problem is the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer which is caused by the emissions of CFCs, halons (chlorinated and brominated organic compounds) and NOx. Ozone depletion can lead to increased levels of damaging UV radiation reaching the ground, causing increased rates of skin cancer and eye damage to humans and is harmful to many biological species. It should be noted that energy related activities are only partially (directly or indirectly) respon­sible for the emissions which lead to stratospheric ozone depletion. The most significant role in ozone depletion have the CFCs, which are mainly used in air conditioning and refrigerating equipment as refrigerants, and NOx emissions which are produced by the fossil fuel and biomass combustion processes, the natural denitrification and nitro­gen fertilizers.

In 1998 the size of the ozone hole over Antarctica was 25 million km2. It was about 3 million km2 in 1993 [7]. Researchers expect the Antarctic ozone hole to remain severe in the next 10-20 years, followed by a period of slow healing. Full recovery is predicted to occur in 2050; however, the rate of recovery is affected by the climate change [8].

Solar thermal collectors and applications

Collector thermal efficiency

In reality the heat loss coefficient UL in Eqs (2) and (42) is not constant but is a function of collector inlet and ambient temperatures. Therefore: TOC o "1-5" h …

Global climate change

The term greenhouse effect has generally been used for the role of the whole atmosphere (mainly water vapour and clouds) in keeping the surface of the earth warm. Recently however, …

Limitations of simulations

Simulations are powerful tools for process design offering a number of advantages as outlined in the previous sections. However, there are limits to their use. For example, it is easy …

Как с нами связаться:

Украина:
г.Александрия
тел./факс +38 05235  77193 Бухгалтерия

+38 050 457 13 30 — Рашид - продажи новинок
e-mail: msd@msd.com.ua
Схема проезда к производственному офису:
Схема проезда к МСД

Партнеры МСД

Контакты для заказов оборудования:

Внимание! На этом сайте большинство материалов - техническая литература в помощь предпринимателю. Так же большинство производственного оборудования сегодня не актуально. Уточнить можно по почте: Эл. почта: msd@msd.com.ua

+38 050 512 1194 Александр
- телефон для консультаций и заказов спец.оборудования, дробилок, уловителей, дражираторов, гереторных насосов и инженерных решений.