Длина строки или формат колонки
Обычно шрифт набирается колонками, ширина колонки называется форматом колонки. И хотя существует искушение использовать термин длина строки (line length) взамен формата колонки2 (measure), но они не всегда обозначают одно и то же. Например, когда выполняется флаговый набор с рваным правым краем (ragged right margin), т. е. строки не полностью заполняют ширину колонки, длина каждой отдельной строки не равняется ширине колонки, частью которой является3 (рис. 9.1). Если в таком тексте отсутствуют переносы
РИС. 9.1. Вертикальными линиями отмечены границы текстового блока, они фиксируют формат колонки. Это именно тот случай, когда длина строки и формат колонки не совпадают
About twenty years ago, there lived a singular gentleman in the Old Hall among the elm-trees. He was about three-score years of age, very rich, and somewhat odd in many of his habits, but for generosity and benevolence he [had no equal.
РИС. 9.2A (стр. 171). Для некоторых шрифтов сплошной набор в узких колонках (11У2 пики) очень удачен, но крупные пропорции гарнитуры Sabon, использованной на рисунке, при наборе кеглем 10 по схеме 10/10 выглядят слегка сжатыми. Впечатление улучшится, если увеличить интерлиньяж на один пункт (10/11), а схема 10/12 уже начинает разбивать набор на полосы. То же справедливо для набора шрифтом кегля 11. Для данной колонки шрифт кегля 11 кажется великоват, создавая строки всего в несколько слов и очень рваный край. Шрифт, набранный кеглем 12, заметно велик, хотя если ему правильно назначить интерлиньяж, то он может отлично сыграть в качестве акцидентного текста (что бывает нередко), то большинство строк окажется короче полной ширины колонки, так как программа не может удлинить строку за счет частей слов, разделенных переносом.
Компьютерные издательские программы по-пре- жнему не имеют разумного подхода к идее формата колонки. В некоторых программах сначала определяется формат страницы, затем размер полей, количество текстовых колонок на странице и, наконец, расстояние между этими колонками4. И вы вынуждены определять ширину колонок методом вычитания. В таких программах вы не можете сказать: «Я хочу три колонки шириной 14 пик с пробелом между ними в 1 пику», хотя в таком желании есть определенная логика. Ширина колонки не должна быть производной величиной, ее нужно задавать явным образом. Что касается размеров полей, то их, если необходимо, можно рассчитать самостоятельно, до того, как вводить числа с клавиатуры, складывая ширины колонок и пробелов между ними и вычитая сумму из ширины страницы. (Определение этих параметров требуется для построения модульной сетки страницы, которая обсуждается в гл. 12.)
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power wnich has been so obvi-
10/10x12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against re -
11/11 x 12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be fight, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it
12/12x12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a 10/11 x 12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would 11/12 x 12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault 12/13x12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a 10/12x12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault 11/13x12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall 12/14x12 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of re- chartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will there ever be a time when this reason will be less powerful? To acknowledge its force is to admit that the bank ought to be perpetual, and as a consequence the present stockholders and those inheriting
10/11 x 18 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will there ever be a time when this reason will be less powerful? To acknowledge its force is to admit that the bank ought to be perpetual, and as a conse -
11/12 x 18 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will there ever be a time when this reason will be less powerful? To acknowledge its force is to admit 12/13x18 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will there ever be a time when this reason will be less powerful? To acknowledge its force is to admit that the bank ought to be perpetual, and as a consequence 10/12 x 18 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will there ever be a time when this reason will be less powerful? To acknowledge its force is to admit that the 11/13 x 18 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will there ever be a time when this reason will be less power - 12/14x18 пик
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obvi-
10/11 x 24 пики
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obvi-
10/12x24 пики
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will
11/12x24 пики
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renewing a power which has been so obviously abused. But will 11/13x24 пики
It has been urged as an argument in favor of rechartering the present bank that the calling in its loans will produce great embarrassment and distress. The time allowed to close its concerns is ample, and if it has well managed its pressure will be light, and heavy only in case its management has been bad. If, therefore, it shall produce distress, the fault will be its own, and it would furnish a reason against renew - 11/14x24 пики
РИС. 9.2Б (стр. 172). Когда формат колонки превышает 18 пик, набор по схеме 10/11 таков, что он только выиграет от одного дополнительного пункта интерлиньяжа, что и демонстрирует пример со схемой 10/12. С небольшим количеством слов в строке набор по схеме 11/12 не выглядит однородно серым, а дополнительный пункт к интерлиньяжу (схема 11/13) усиливает впечатление воздушности. С кеглем 12 и одним дополнительным пунктом интерлиньяжа (схема 12/13) набор начинает выглядеть тяжеловато и как будто зажатым в замкнутом пространстве. Несмотря на то, что формат колонки опгносигельно узок, крупный кегль требует дополнительного пространства «для вздоха», которое обеспечивает схема набора YljW
РИС. 9.2В. Если формат колонки увеличивается, то интерлиньяж также не должен отставать. Горизонтальная текстура у текста, набранного по схеме 10/11, не чувствуется при опгносигельно плотном интерлиньяже Дополнительный пункт интерлиньяжа в наборе по схеме 10/12 разительно меняет текст, он становится гораздо привлекательнее. И текст, набранный по схеме 11/12, также кажется интенсивно темным, в то время как пример к схеме 11/13 обладает большей открытостью и более сбалансирован. Набор по схеме 11/14 уже становится чересчур разреженным, но поскольку гарнитура Sabon относительно массивна, то отбивка не ведет к отделению строк друг от друга. У более светлых гарнитур или шрифта с меньшим ростом строчных букв это может привести к чрезмерной разреженности
В других программах вы можете очертить текстовые рамки (text frame), которые служат границами полосы набора5. Создав такие рамки, вы тем самым определяете их истинные ширины, то есть формат колонки, но при этом приходится вручную создавать пробелы между колонками с помощью точного позиционирования рамок на странице. Это тоже достаточно примитивно.
В программах верстки определение параметров страниц создает некоторое подобие модульной сетки (page grid). Например, в них можно определить обрезной формат страницы (trim size): размер страницы в готовой книге или журнале. Они также определяют формат колонки или колонок и размер полей, которые в случае простой книжной страницы как раз и определяют полосу набора (text area).
Короче говоря, исходя из фундаментальных типографических представлений, формат колонки следует определять прежде всего.
