New developments in advanced welding

Future trends

LD-pumped solid-state lasers, such as disk and fiber lasers, are being investigated regarding higher power, higher beam quality, higher efficiency and fiber delivery. They are also expected to act as heat sources in place of CO2 lasers for remote/scanner laser welding because they are more amenable to robot and fiber delivery. Such lasers also have advantages in easier operation, higher productivity and cost reduction. On the other hand, there are merits in welding with laser-arc hybrid heat sources and SHG pulsed YAG lasers, or short wavelength lasers to sustain interest in them. There is no one laser suitable for all tasks available at present. So any laser should be selected on the basis of a good understanding of its performance and applications.

Complicated laser welding phenomena and the mechanisms of the formation of imperfections in laser welding have been clarified in conjunction with the development of observing and measuring instruments. Interpretation of results will progress quickly by utilizing simulation techniques for welding phenomena using data on the physical constants of materials which are becoming increasingly accurate. Remaining problems will be resolved gradually.

For these reasons, laser welding is increasingly applied to bond or join many similar and dissimilar materials. In some cases there is increasing necessity for in-process monitoring and adaptive control. Laser systems are still extremely expensive in comparison with arc heat sources, which necessitates the further development of the laser welding system in every field.

There is an increasing necessity for research projects of worldwide scale. Here many experts in the field of lasers, materials, instruments, products, and applications, gathering as representatives for several companies, will collaborate. Experiments and research projects performed by only a few workers in one group or company are inefficient; the development of intelligent laser systems with high performance demands much time and money. Advances in lasers and laser welding processes depend upon personnel and project budgets.

Laser welding technology is being intensively investigated together with the development of new lasers of higher beam quality under small or large projects worldwide, especially in Germany. Much fruitful research and its industrial applications are published or announced in journals and international conferences each year. The trend of development in lasers and welding processes with lasers or hybrid heat sources will continue in each industrial field as long as laser and hybrid welding are recognized as high technology. In future, every research and development activity of laser welding should be performed from the viewpoint of environmental protection and safeguards.

6.4 References

1. Maiman T. H., ‘Stimulated optical radiation in ruby masers’, Nature, 1960 187 493.

2. Katayama S., ‘Current states and trends of laser welding’, Journal of High Temperature Society, 2001 27(5) 190-202 (in Japanese)

3. O’Neil W., Sparkes M., Vamham M., Horley R., Birch M., Woods S. and Harker A., ‘High power high brightness industrial fiber laser technology’, Proc. of the 23rd Int. Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (ICALEO) 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004, Fiber & Disc Lasers Session, 1-7 (CD)

4. Bachmann F., ‘The impact of laser diodes to solid state lasers and materials processing applications’, Proc. of the 61st Laser Materials Processing Conf., Osaka, JLPS, 2004 61 16-29

5. Lossen P., ‘Data from Fraunhofer Institut fur Lasertechnik (Private Communication)’ used by: Tsukamoto S., ‘Laser welding’, Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2003 72(1) 16-21 (in Japanese)

6. Mann K., ‘The disk laser, an advanced solid state laser technology for new application’, Proc. of the 61st Laser Materials Processing Conf, Osaka, JLPS, 2004 61 1-10

7. Morris T. and Mann K., ‘Disk laser enables application advancements’, Proc. of the 23rd ICALEO 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004 Fiber & Disc Lasers Session, 24-7 (CD)

8. Shiner B., ‘Fiber lasers and their application’, Proc. of the 61st Laser Materials Processing Conf, Osaka, JLPS, 2004 61 11-15

9. Uchida T, ‘Spot welding of copper with SHG laser’ (Private Communication, Miyachitechnos)

10. Alder H., ‘Recent development and applications in body-in-white laser joining of

European car manufacturers’, Proc. of 59th Laser Materials Processing Conference, Nagoya, JLPS, 2003, 59 36-44

11. Shirai M., ‘Laser welding on trough panel (3 dimensional body part)’, Proc. of the 55th Laser Materials Processing Conf., Nagoya, JLPS, 2002 55 1-6

12. Mori K., ‘Application of laser welding for body in white’, J. of the Japan Welding Society, 2003 72(1) 40-3 (in Japanese)

13. Minamida K., ‘High power laser applications in Nippon Steel Corporation’, Proc. of SPIE First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing, Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 402-10

14. Roland F., Laser welding in shipbuilding - chances and obstacles’, Proc. 8th Sym. on Laser Materials Processing, KIMM, Korea, 1997 237-52

15. Ito M., Takada M., Yanagishima F., Kawai Y., Yokozawa F., Nakahara H. and Sasaka H., ‘10kW laser beam welder for stainless steel processing line’, Proc. LAMP ’87, Osaka, HTSJ & JLPS, 1987 535-40

16. Lingner M., ‘The remote welding in industrial applications’, Proc. of 59th Laser Materials Processing Conference, Nagoya, JLPS, 2003, 59 21-35

17. Vollertsen F., Seefeld T. and Grupp M., ‘Remote welding at high laser power’, Proc. of the 22nd ICALEO 2003, Jacksonville, LIA, 2003, 376-85 (CD)

18. Klotzbach A., Morgenthal L., Schwarz T., Fleischer V. and Beyer E., ‘Laser welding on the fly with coupled axes systems’, Proc. of the 20th ICALEO 2001, Jacksonville, LIA, 2001 (CD)

19. Katayama S., Seto N., Kim J. D. and Matsunawa A., ‘Formation mechanism and reduction method of porosity in laser welding of stainless steel’, Proc. of ICALEO ’97, San Diego, 1997 83(2) Section G 83-92

20. Seto N., Katayama S. and Matsunawa A., ‘High-speed simultaneous observation of plasma and keyhole behavior during high power CO2 laser welding: effect of shielding gas on porosity formation’, J. of Laser Applications, 2000 12(6) 245-50

21. Katayama S. and Matsunawa A., ‘Formation mechanism and prevention of defects in laser welding of aluminium alloys’, Proc. of CISFFEL, Toulon, SI, 1998 1 215­22.

22. Katayama S. and Matsunawa A., ‘Laser weldability of aluminum alloys’, Proc. of 43rd Laser Materials Processing Conference, Osaka, JLPS, 1998 43 33-52 (in Japanese)

23. Washio K., ‘States of the arts and trends of solid-state lasers for materials processing’, Journal of High Temperature Society, 2001 27(5) 176-85 (in Japanese)

24. Matsunawa A., Katayama S., Mizutani M., Ikeda H. and Nishizawa K., ‘Fusion and solidification characteristics in pulse-shaped YAG laser welding’, Proc. of 5th CISFFEL, La Baule, SI, 1993 1 219-26

25. Katayama S., Kohsaka S., Mizutani M., Nishizawa K. and Matsunawa A., ‘Pulse shape optimization for defect prevention in pulsed laser welding of stainless steels’, Proc. of ICALEO ’93, Orlando, LIA, 1993 77 487-97

26. Mizutani M., Tanaka K., Katayama S. and Matsunwa A., ‘YAG laser spot welding under microgravity and vacuum and pulse-shaping for prevention of porosity’, Proc. of the 7th Int. Welding Symposium, Kobe, JWS, 2001, 573-8

27. Gref W., Russ A., Leimser M., Dausinger F. and Hugel H., ‘Double focus technique - influence of focal distance and intensity distribution on the welding process’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 289-94

28. Haboudou A., Peyre P. and Vannes A. B., ‘Study of keyhole and melt pool oscillations in dual beam welding of aluminium alloys: effect on porosity formation’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 295-300

29. Tsubota S., Ishide T., Nayama M., Shomokusu Y. and Fukusaka S., ‘Development of 10 kW class YAG laser welding technology’, Proc. ICALEO 2000, LIA, Dearborn,

2000 89 Section C, 219-29

30. Coste F., Janin F., Hamadou M. and Fabbro R., ‘Deep penetration laser welding with Nd:Yag lasers combination up to 11 kW laser power’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 422-7

31. Hayashi Y. and Ullmann C., ‘High power laser diode systems and industrial applications’, Proc. of 61st Laser Materials Processing Conference, Osaka, JLPS, 2004 61 47-56 (in Japanese)

32. Zediker M. S., ‘Materials processing with high power diode laser systems’, Proc. of the 7th Int. Welding Symposium, JWS, Kobe, 2001 1 473-8

33. Abe N., Higashino R., Tsukamoto M., Noguchi S. and Miyake S., ‘Materials processing characteristics of a 2kW class high power density direct diode laser system’, Proc. ICALEO ’99, San Diego, LIA, 1999 87 Section A 236-44

34. Petring D., Benter C and Poprawe R., ‘Fundamentals and applications of diode laser welding’, Cong. Proc. of 20th ICALEO 2001 (Laser Materials Processing Conf.), Jacksonville, LIA, 2001 G1601 (CD)

35. Hugel H., ‘Innovative high power lasers for welding applications’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 83-9

36. Akiyama Y., Takada H., Sasaki M., Yuasa H. and Nishida N., ‘Efficient 10 kW diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 96-100

37. Koch J, ‘Deep section welding with high brightness lasers’, Cong. Proc. of 20th ICALEO 2001 (Laser Materials Processing Conf.), Jacksonville, LIA, 2001 G1609 (CD)

38. Ueda K, ‘The prospects of high power fiber lasers’, The Review of Laser Engineering,

2001 29(2) 79-83 (in Japanese)

39. Thomy C., Grupp M., Schilf M., Seefeld T. and Vollertsen F., ‘Welding of aluminium and steel with high-power fiber lasers technology’, Proc. of the 23rd Int Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (ICALEO) 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004, Fiber & Disc Lasers Session, 8-14 (CD)

40. Niimi T. and Natsumi F., ‘Application of CO2 laser welding to car body’, Proc. of 28th Laser Materials Processing Conference, Osaka, JLPS, 1992, 28 171-84 (in Japanese)

41. Otani T., Tsukamoto S., Arakane G and Omori A, ‘HAZ properties of ultra-fine grained high strength steels welded by high power laser, Quar. J. of JWS, 2003 21(2) 267-73 (in Japanese)

42. Ito R., Hiraoka K. and Shiga C., ‘Characteristics of heat-affected zone of ultra-fine grained steel in ultra-narrow gap GMA welding’, Quar. J. of JWS, 2004 22(3) 458­66 (in Japanese)

43. Lu F and Forrest M. G., ‘Weldability comparison of different zinc coated high strength steel sheets in laser lap joining configuration without gap’, Proc. of ICALEO 2003 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Jacksonville, LIA, 2003 1409 (CD)

44. Forsman T., ‘Laser welding of tailored blanks’, Proc. of ICALEO 2002 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Scottsdale, LIA, 2002 Section A - Welding (CD)

45. Akhter R., Steen W. M. and Watkins K. G., ‘Welding zinc-coated steel with a laser and the properties of the weldment’, J. of Laser Applications, 1991 3(2) 9-20

46. Katayama S., Wu Y. and Matsunawa A., ‘Laser weldability of Zn-coated steels’, Proc. of ICALEO 2001 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Jacksonville, LIA, 2001 Section C - Welding P520 (CD)

47. Katayama S., Takayama M., Mizutani M., Tarui T. and Mori K., ‘YAG laser lap welding of Zn-coated steels and monitoring of reflected beam’, IIW, Bucharest, 2003 IIW Doc. IV-839-03

48. Goebels D., Kielwasser M. and Fabbro R., ‘Improvement of laser welding of Zn - coated steel and aluminum alloys thin sheets using shaped laser intensity distribution, Cong. Proc. of 22nd ICALEO 2003 (Laser Materials Processing Conf.), Jacksonville, LIA, 2003 (CD)

49. Gu H., ‘A new method of laser lap welding of zinc-coated steel sheet’, Proc. ICALEO 2000, Dearborn, LIA, 2000 89 Section C 1-6

50. Dasgupta A., Mazumder J. and Bembenek M., ‘Alloying based laser welding of galvanized steel’, Proc. ICALEO 2000, Dearborn, LIA, 2000 91 Section A 38-45

51. Ono M., Shinbo Y., Yoshitake A. and Ohmura A., ‘Welding properties of thin steel sheets by laser-arc hybrid welding - laser focused arc welding’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 96-100

52. Gu H. and Mueller R., ‘Hybrid welding of galvanized steel sheet’, Proc. of ICALEO 2001 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Jacksonville, LIA, 2001 Session A A304 (CD)

53. Todate A., Ueno Y., Katsuki M., Katayama S. and Matsunawa A., ‘YAG laser weldability of carbon steel under CO2 gas shielding’, Reprint of High Energy Beam Processing Committee, Japan Welding Society (JWS), Tokyo, 2000 EBW-361-00 (in Japanese)

54. Katayama S., Yoshida D. and Matsunwa A., ‘Assessment of YAG and CO2 laser weldability in nitrogen shielding gas’, Proc. ICALEO 2000, Dearborn, LIA, 2000 89 Section C 42-51

55. Katayama S. and Matsunawa A., ‘Solidification micro structure of laser welded stainless steels’, Proc. of ICALEO ’84, Boston, LIA, 1984 44 60-7

56. Katayama S., Iamboliev T. and Matsunawa A., ‘Formation mechanism of rapidly quenched microstructure of laser weld metals in austenitic stainless steels’, 5th Int. Conf. on Trends in Welding Research, Georgia, ASM Int., 1998 93-8

57. Hiramoto S. and Ohmina M., ‘CO2 laser welding of aluminum in active gas shielding’, Journal of High Temperature Society, HTSJ, 1990, 16(3) 141-8 (in Japanese)

58. Takahashi K., Kumagai M., Katayama S. and Matsunawa A., ‘Investigation of high-speed CO2 laser welding of thin aluminum sheets’, J. of Light Metal Welding & Construction, 2002 40(4) 177-81 (in Japanese)

59. Katayama S. and Lundin C. D., ‘Laser welding of commercial aluminum alloys - laser weldability of aluminum alloys (Report II), J. of Light Metal Welding & Construction, JLWC, 1991 29(8) 349-60 (in Japanese)

60. Katayama S., Mizutani M. and Matsunawa A., ‘Development of porosity prevention procedures during laser welding’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 281-8

61. Katayama S., Kojima K., Kuroda S. and Matsunawa A., ‘CO2 laser weldability of aluminum alloys (Report 4), Effect of welding defects on mechanical properties, deformation and fracture of laser welds, J. of Light Metal Welding & Construction, JLWC, 1999 37(3) 95-103 (in Japanese)

62. Yamaoka H., ‘Microstructural control of laser welded aluminum alloy’, J. of Light Metal Welding & Construction, JLWC, 2001 39(5) 209-15 (in Japanese)

63. Schubert E., Zerner I. and Sepold G., ‘No possibilities for joining by using high power diode lasers’, Proc. ICALEO ’98, Orlando, 1998 85 Section G 111-20

64. Katayama S., Usui R. and Matsunawa A., ‘YAG laser welding of steel to aluminum’, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Trends in Welding Research, Georgia, ASM & AWS, 1998 467-72

65. Katayama S., Mizutani M. and Matsunawa A., ‘Laser welding of aluminum and steel’, Copenhagen, 2002 IIW, Doc. IV-814-02

66. Katayama S. and Mizutani M., ‘Laser one-pass welding utilizing special lap - and butt-joint of dissimilar aluminum and steel’, Proc. of the 22rd ICALEO 2003, Jacksonville, LIA, 2003, Section E 1401 (CD)

67. Katayama S., Morita M. and Matsunawa A., ‘Laser joining of steel and magnesium alloy’, Proc. DIS ’02 (Designing of Interfacial Structures in Advanced Materials and Their Joints), Osaka, 2002, 747-50

68. Jones I. A. and Hilton P. A., ‘Use of infrared dyes for transmission laser welding of plastics’, Proc. of the 18th ICALEO ’99, San Diego, LIA, 1999 87 Section B 71-9

69. Nakamura H., Terada M., Hirata M. and Sakai T., ‘Application to the plastic parts welding of diode laser’, Proc. of 59th Laser Materials Processing Conference, Nagoya, JLPS, 2003, 59 1-7 (in Japanese)

70. Katayama S. and Mizutani M., ‘Elucidation of laser welding phenomena and porosity formation mechanism’, Trans. of JWRI, 2003 32(1) 67-9

71. Katayama S., Seto N., Mizutani M. and Matsunwa A., ‘X-ray transmission in-situ observation of keyhole during laser spot welding and pulse-shaping for prevention of porosity’, Congress Proc. of ICALEO 2001 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Jacksonville, LIA, 2001, Session C - Welding, 804

72. Katayama S., ‘Laser Welding’, J. of Light Metal Welding & Construction, JLWC, 2002 40(10) 476-87 (in Japanese)

73. Katayama S., Yoshida D., Yokoya S. and Matsunwa A., ‘Development of tornado nozzle for reduction in porosity during laser welding of aluminum alloy’, Congress Proc. of ICALEO 2001 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Jacksonville, 2001, LIA, C1701 (CD)

74. Petereit J., Abels P., Kaierle S., Kratzsch C. and Kreutz E. W., ‘Failure recognition and online process control in laser beam welding’, Proc. of ICALEO 2002 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Scottsdale, LIA, 2002 Session A - Welding (CD)

75. Kaierle S., Abels P., Kapper G., Kratzsch C., Michel J., Schulz W. and Poprawe R., ‘State of the art and new advances in process control for laser materials processing’, Congress Proc. of ICALEO 2001 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Jacksonville, LIA, 2001 E805 (CD)

76. Haferkamp H., Ostendorf A., Bunte J., Szinyur J., Hofemann M. and Cordini P., ‘Increased seam quality for laser-GMA hybrid welding of zinc-coated steel’, Proc. of ICALEO 2002 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Scottsdale, LIA, 2002 Session A - Welding (CD)

77. Schumacher J., Zerner I., Neye G. and Thormann K., ‘Laser beam welding of aircraft fuselage panels’, Proc. of ICALEO 2002 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Scottsdale, LIA, 2002 Section A - Welding (CD)

78. Travis D., Dearden G., Watkins K. G., Reutzel E. W., Martukanitz R. P. and Tressler J. F., ‘Sensing for monitoring of the laser GMAW hybrid welding process’, Proc. of the 23rd ICALEO 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004 (CD)

79. Muller-Borhanian J., Deininger C., Dausinger F. H. and Hugel H., ‘Spatially resolved on-line monitoring during laser beam welding of steel and aluminum’, Proc. of the 23rd ICALEO 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004 (CD)

80. Kogel-Hollacher M., Dietz C., et al., ‘Camera based process monitoring of the CO2 and Nd:YAG laser welding experiences from applications in the automotive industry’, Proc. of the 23rd ICALEO 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004 Sec. Sensing, Monitoring & Control 75-9 (CD)

81. Kawaguchi S., Mizutani M., Tarui T. and Katayama S., ‘Correlation between in­process monitoring signal and welding phenomena in YAG laser welding of aluminum alloy’, Proc. of 62nd Laser Materials Processing Conference, Osaka, JLPS, 2004 62 34-44 (in Japanese)

82. Kogel-Hollacher M., Jurca M., Dietz C., Janssen G. and Lozada E. F.D., ‘Quality assurance in pulsed seam laser welding’, Proc. ICALEO ’98, Orlando, LIA 1998, 85 Section C 168-76

83. Miyamoto I. and Mori K., ‘Development of in-process monitoring system for laser welding’, Proc. ICALEO ’95, San Diego, 1995, LIA, 80 759-67

84. Olsen F. O., Jorgensen H. and Bagger C., ‘Recent investigations in sensorics for adaptive control of laser cutting and welding’, Proc. LAMP ’92, Nagaoka, 1992, JLPS, 1 405-14

85. Kawahito Y. and Katayama S., ‘In-process monitoring and adaptive control for stable production of sound welds in laser micro-spot lap welding of aluminum alloy’, Journal of Laser Applications, 2005 LIA, 17(1) 30-7

86. Kawahito Y. and Katayama S., ‘Adaptive control in laser micro-spot lap welding of aluminum alloy (Report I) - Adaptive control for fully-penetrated micro welding of thin sheets, Journal of Japan Laser Processing Society, 2004, JLPS, 11(3) 154-9 (in Japanese)

87. Steen W. M. and Eboo M., ‘Arc augmented laser beam welding, Metal Construction, 1979 7(7) 332-5

88. Beyer E., Dilthey U., Imhoff R., Majer C., Neuenhahn J. and Behler K., ‘New aspects in laser welding with an increased efficiency’, Proc. of ICALEO ’94, Orlando, LIA, 1994 79 183-92

89. Ishide T., Tsubota S., Watanabe M. and Ueshiro K., ‘Latest MIG, TIG arc-YAG laser hybrid welding system’, Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2003 72 (1) 22-6

90. Ishide T., Tsubota S. and Watanabe M., ‘Latest MIG, TIG arc-YAG laser hybrid welding systems for various welding products’, Proc. of SPIE (First Int. Sym. on High Power Laser Macroprocessing), Osaka, JLPS, 2002 4831 347-52

91. Petring D., Fuhrmann C., Wolf N. and Poprawe R., ‘Investigation and applications of laser-arc hybrid welding from thin sheets up to heavy section components’, Proc. of the 22nd Int Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (ICALEO) 2003, Jacksonville, LIA, 2003, Section A, 1-10 (CD:301)

92. Abe N., Kunugita Y. and Miyake S., ‘The mechanism of high speed leading path laser-arc combination welding, Proc. of ICALEO ’98, Orlando, LIA, 1998 85 Section F, 37-45

93. Staufer H., ‘Laser hybrid welding & laser brazing at VW and Audi’, Proc. of 6th High Energy Research Committee, HiDEC-2003-01, 2003 1-10

94. Tsuek J. and Suban M., ‘Hybrid welding with arc and laser beam’, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 1999 4(5) 308-11

95. Beyer E., ‘Laser technology for new markets - application highlights, 6th International Laser Marke Place 2003, Anwendung im Dialog (2003) S. 5-15

96. Kutsuna M. and Chen L., ‘Interaction of both plasma in CO2 laser-MAG hybrid laser-hybrid welding of carbon steel, IIW, 2002, Doc. XII-1708-02

97. Schubert E., Wedel B. and Kohler G., ‘Influence of the process parameters on the welding results of laser-GMA welding, Proc. of ICALEO 2002 (Laser Materials Processing Conference), Scottsdale, LIA, 2002 Session A - Welding (CD)

98. Naito Y., Mizutani M. and Katayama S., ‘Observation of keyhole behavior and melt flows during laser-arc hybrid welding’, Proc. of the 22nd Int Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (ICALEO) 2003, Jacksonville, LIA, 2003, (CD: 1005)

99. Naito Y., Mizutani M., Katayama S. and Bang H. S., ‘Proc. of the 23rd Int Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (ICALEO) 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004 Hybrid laser welding (CD: 207) 41-9

100. Uchiumi S., Wang J. B., Katayama S., Mizutani M., Hongu T. and Fujii K., ‘Penetration and welding phenomena in YAG laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloy’, Proc. of the 23rd Int Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics (ICALEO) 2004, San Francisco, LIA, 2004, Hybrid laser welding (CD: P530) 76-85

101. Tarui T., ‘Trend of laser application for car body in European automotive industry’, Proc. of the 61st Laser Materials Processing Conf., Osaka, JLPS, 2004 61 152-7

102. Morita I., Yamaoka H., et al., ‘Study of underwater laser welding repair technology’, IIW, Bucharest, 2003, IIW Doc. IV-846-03 & IIW Doc. XI-782-03

103. Ito H. and Okada N., ‘Laser welding of electronics component’, Proc. of the 55th Laser Materials Processing Conf., Nagoya, JLPS, 2002 55 60-5

New developments in advanced welding

Environmental issues

10.4.1 Introduction The last 30 or more years have seen a significant awakening of interest in the environment and a much greater understanding of how human activities in one geographical …

Recent and ongoing research

10.3.1 Fundamental difficulties Despite the labour figures indicating that around 400000 people in the USA are directly engaged in welding, it is difficult to research health effects and make positive …

Occupational health and safety

F. J. BLUNT, University of Cambridge, UK 10.1 Introduction The welding industry is a major player in manufacturing. It encompasses the traditional arc and gas processes as well as advanced …

Как с нами связаться:

Украина:
г.Александрия
тел./факс +38 05235  77193 Бухгалтерия

+38 050 457 13 30 — Рашид - продажи новинок
e-mail: msd@msd.com.ua
Схема проезда к производственному офису:
Схема проезда к МСД

Партнеры МСД

Контакты для заказов оборудования:

Внимание! На этом сайте большинство материалов - техническая литература в помощь предпринимателю. Так же большинство производственного оборудования сегодня не актуально. Уточнить можно по почте: Эл. почта: msd@msd.com.ua

+38 050 512 1194 Александр
- телефон для консультаций и заказов спец.оборудования, дробилок, уловителей, дражираторов, гереторных насосов и инженерных решений.